الهه آهنی - Elahe Ahani

English Name:Ellie

Second Grade of High School

Age:16

Progect: Peace

Supervisor: Mohammad Rafia  Sadeghi

"In the name of the best"

PEACE


Hi there, I'm Ellie a simple but sensitive teenager about Some happends that don't include even a little peace.
On the hold I wanna to be a more peaceable and make other people more peaceable, what do you think? Would it be possible?
Mybe I am too much optimist about this cause but I want to try how much I can.
What ever that you can see in bottom is my first writing about peace just for illustrate the meaning of peace in some general part from my point of view
As you know its my first peaceful writing but Be sure that you'll see more than this from me and you'll be really surprised by my next writings, (I promise to you…)
I hope that one day come without any fighting or argue and full of peace, although all people be peaceable and expect this it will be really absurd.

Peace
Peace is a sign of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of aggression, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all.

Etymology
From the Latin Pax, meaning " freedom from civil disorder," the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c. 1300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Such a translation is, however, imprecise, as shalom, which is also cognate with the Arabic " salaam", has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well- being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness At a personal level, peaceful behaviors are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others' beliefs and behaviors- tending to manifest goodwill.
This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's introspective sense or concept of her/ himself, as in being "at peace" in one's own mind, as found in European references from c.1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of " quiet", reflecting calm. serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that avoid quarreling and seek tranquility- an absence of disturbance of agitation.
In many languages the word for peace is also used as a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word aloha, as well as the Arabic word salaam. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrase rest in peace.

Religious beliefs and peace
Religious beliefs often seek to identify and address the basic problems of human life, including the conflicts between. among, and within persons and societies.
Many Christians call Jesus of Nazareth the " Prince of Peace" , and see him as a messiah (savior or deliverer), the " Christ", who manifested as the Son of God on Earth to establish God's Kingdom of Peace, wherein persons, societies, and all of Creation are to be healed of evil. For persons to enter this Kingdom and experience peace, Christians believe that one must develop a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, who stated: " Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me. For I am meek and humble of heart; and you will find rest for your souls. for my yoke is easy, and my burden light. " (Matthew 11:28-30) According to Pope Benedict XVI, "Peace is achieved by consciences that are open to the truth and to love. Elsewhere Benedict links peace to ecology: " humanity, if it truly desires peace, must be increasingly conscious of the links between natural ecology, or respect for nature, and human ecology. Experience shows that disregard for the environment always harms human coexistence, and vice versa. It becomes more and more evident that there is a inseparable link between peace with creation and peace among men. Both of these presuppose peace with God . The poem- prayer of Saint Francis, known as " the Canticle of Brother Sun", is a wonderful and ever timely example of this multifaceted ecology of peace".
Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends. They regard all suffering as stemming from craving ( in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), or delusions. To eliminate such suffering and achieve personal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths- a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy.
Islam means submission. The title" Muslim" etymologically directly related to salaam and the name Islam means a person who submits to Allah in salaam. The submission to Allah (the Arabic proper noun for " The God", One and Only) is based on humility. An attitude of humility within one's own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence, and a personal attitude and alignment toward peace.

Inner peace
Inner peace (or peace of mind) refers to a state of being mentally and spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Being " at peace" is considered by many to be healthy homeostasis and the opposite of being stressed or anxious. Peace of mind is generally associated with bliss and happiness.
Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some cultures, inner peace is considered a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various forms of training, such as prayer, meditation, or yoga, for example. Many spiritual practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself. Finding inner peace is often associated with traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism as well as the New Age movement. Inner peace is also the first of four concepts to living in the rave culture acronym PLUR.



Satyagraha
Satyagraha is a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as " Mahatma" Gandhi). He deployed satyagraha techniques in campaigns for Indian independence also during his earlier struggles in South Africa.
The word satyagraha itself was coined through a public contest that Gandhi sponsored through the newspaper he published in South Africa, Indian Opinion, when he realized the neither the common, contemporary Hindu language nor the English language contained a word which fully expressed his own meanings and intentions when he talked about his nonviolent approaches to conflict. According to Gandhi's autobiography, the contest winner was Maganlal Gandhi (presumably no relation), who submitted the entry' sadagraha' which Gandhi then modified to ' satyagraha'. Etymologically, this Hindi word means ' truth- firmness', and is commonly translated as ' steadfastness in the truth' or ' truth- force'.
Satyagraha theory also influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. during the campaigns he led during the civil rights movement in the United States. The theory of satyagraha sees means and ends as inseparable. Therefore, it is contradictory to try use violence to obtain peace. As Gandhi wrote: " They say, ' means are, after all, means' . I would say, ' means are, after all, everything'. As the means so the end…" A contemporary quote sometimes attributed to Gandhi, but also to A. J. Muste, sums it up: ' There is no way to peace; peace is the way."

Justice and injustice
Since classical times, it has been noted that peace has sometimes been achieved by the victor over the vanquished by the imposition of ruthless measures. In his book Agricola the Roman historian Tacitus includes eloquent and vicious polemics against the rapacity and greed of Rome.
One, that Tacitus says is by the Caledonian chieftain Calgacus, ends Auferretrucidareraperefalsisnominibus imperium, atqueubisolitudinemfaciunt, pacem appellant. (To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace. Oxford Revised Translation).
More recently, advocates for radical reform in justice systems have called for a public policy adoption of non- punitive, non- violent Restorative Justice methods, and many of those studying the success of these methods, including a United Nations working group on Restorative Justice, have attempted to re- define justice in terms related to peace. From the late 2000s on, a Theory of Active Peace has been proposed which conceptually integrates justice into a larger peace theory.

Peace movement
A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war ( or all wars), or minimizing inter- human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked of the goal of achieving word peace. Means to achieve these ends usually include advocacy of pacifism, non- violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, moral purchasing, supporting anti- war political candidates, demonstrations, and lobbying to create legislation.

Pacifism
Pacifism is the categorical opposition to and forms of war or violence as means of settling disputes or gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved; to calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war; to opposition to any organization of society through governmental force(anarchist or libertarian pacifism); to rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals; to opposition to violence under any circumstance, including defense of self and others.
Pacifism may be based on moral principles (a deontological view) or pragmatism (a consequentialist view). Principled pacifism holds that violence of any form is an inappropriate response to conflict, and is morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and inter- personal violence are so substantial that better ways of resolving disputes must be found. Pacifists in general reject theories of Just War.

Organizations 
United Nations
The United Nation (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving word peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.

UN peacekeeping missions. Dark blue regions current missions, while light blue regions represent former missions.

The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the " Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded United Nations Medals, which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.

Nobel Peace Prize



The highest honor awarded to peace maker is the Nobel Prize in Peace, awarded since 1901 by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who … shall have done the most of the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.

Rhodes Scholarships and other fellowships
In creating the Rhodes Scholarship for outstanding students from the United States, Germany and much of the British Empire, Cecil Rhodes wrote in 1901 that ' the object is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie'. This peace purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships was very prominent in the first half of the 20th century, and has become prominent again under Warden of the Rhodes House Donald Markwell. This vision greatly influenced Sentator J. William Fulbright in the goal of the Fulbright fellowships to promote international understanding and peace, and has guided many other international fellowship programs.

International Peace Belt
The International Peace Belt, created by artist Wendy Black Nasta, is a living symbol of the peaceful unity of all nations.

Gandhi Peace Prize
The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mahatma Gandhi, is awarded annually by the Government of India. It is launched as a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi in 1995 on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their Gandhian methods. The award carries Rs. 10 million in cash, convertible in any currency in the word, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless, race, creed or sex.

Paul Bartlett Re Peace Prize
The Paul Bartlett Re Peace Prize, named after the artist Paul Re, is awarded bi- annually by the University of New Mexico (UNM).

Student Peace Prize
The Student Peace Prize is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to promoting peace and human rights. 

Other (Peace museums)
A peace museum is a museum that documents historical peace initiative. Many peace museums also provide advocacy programs for nonviolent conflict resolution. This may include conflicts at the personal, regional or international level.
Smaller institutions:
- Randolph Bourne Institute
- The McGill Middle East Program of Civil Society and Peace Building
- International Festival of Peace Poetry

Theories
Many different theories of "peace" exist in the world of peace studies, which involves the study of conflict transformation, disarmament, and cessation of violence.The definition of "peace" can vary with religion, culture, or subject of study.

One definition is a state of balance and understanding in yourself and between others, where respect is gained by the acceptance of differences, tolerance persists, conflicts are resolved through dialog, people's rights are respected and their voices are heard, and everyone is at their highest point of serenity without social tension.

Game theory
The peace War Game is a game theory approach to peace and conflict studies. An iterated game originally played in academic groups and by computer simulation for years to study possible strategies of cooperation and aggression .As peace makers became richer over time, it became clear that making war had greater costs than initially anticipated. The only strategy that acquired wealth more rapidly was a "Genghis Khan", a constant aggressor making war continually to gain until attacked, improved upon merely to win by occasional forgiveness even when attacked. Aggressor. Such actions led in essence to the development of the Hanseatic League for trade and mutual defense following centuries of Viking depredation.

Democratic peace theory
The democratic peace theory holds that democracies will never go to war with one another.

Theory of 'active peace'
Borrowing from the teachings of Norwegian of Norwegian theorist Johan Galtung, one of the pioneers of the field of Peace Research, on "positive Peace", and on the writings of Maine Quaker Gray Cox, a consortium of theorists, activists, and practitioners in the experimental John Woolman College initiative have arrived at a theory of "active peace". This theory posits in part that peace is part of a triad. Which also includes justice and wholeness(or well-being), an interpretation consonant with scriptural scholarly interpretations of the meaning of the meanings of the terms peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peace building, to also fit into a triadic and interdependent formulation or structure. Vermont Quaker John V. Wilmerding posits five stages of growth applicable to individuals, communities, and societies, whereby one transcends first the "surface" awareness that most people have of these kinds of issues, emerging successively into acquiescence, pacifism, passive resistance, active resistance, and finally into active peace, dedicating themselves to peacemaking, peacekeeping, and/or peace building.

Many peaces
Following Wolfgang Dietrich, Wolfgang Sutzl and the Innsbruck School of Studies, some peace thinkers have abandoned any single and all-encompassing definition of peace. Rather, they promote the idea of many peaces . They argue that since no singular, correct definition of peace can exist, peace should be perceived as a plurality. This post-modern understanding of peace(s) was based on the philosophy of Jean Francois Lyotard. It served as a fundament for the more recent concept of trans-rational peace(s) and elicitive conflict transformation.

Trans-rational peaces
In 2008 Wolfgang Dietrich enlarged his earlier approach of the many peace to the so-called five families of peace interpretation :the energetic, moral, modern, post-modern and trans-rational approach. Trans-rationality unites the rational and mechanistic understanding of modern peace in  a relational and culture-based manner with spiritual narratives and energetic interpretations. The systemic understanding of trans-rational peace advocates a client-centered method of conflict transformation, the so-called elective approach.

Peace and conflict studies

Peace and conflict studies is an academic field which identifies and analyses violent and nonviolentbehaviors, as well as the structural mechanisms attending violent and nonviolentsocial conflicts. This is to better understand the processes leading to a more desirable human condition. One variation, Peace studies(irenology) , is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention, de-escalation, and solution of victory in conflicts. Disciplines involved may include political science, geography, economics, psychology, sociology, international relations, history, anthropology, religious studies, and gender studies, as well as a variety of others.

Measuring and ranking peace

Although peace is widely perceived as something intangible, various organizations have been making efforts to quantify and measure it. The Global Peace Index produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace is a know effort to evaluate peacefulness in countries based on 23 indicators of the presence/absence of violence. The last edition of the Index 158 countries on their internal and external levels of peace. According to the 2012 Global peace Index, Iceland is the most peaceful country in the world while Somalia is the least peaceful one. The Failed State Index measures how economy, and military facets in countries. The 2012 Failed State Index reports that the most fragile nation is Somalia, and the least fragile one is Finland. University of Maryland publishes the peace and Conflict Instability Ledger in order to measure peace. It grades 163 countries with 5 indicators, and pays the most attention to risk of political instability or armed conflict over a three-year period .The most recent ledger shows that the most peaceful country is Slovenia on the country Afghanistan is the most conflicted nation. Besides indicated above reports form the Institute for Economics and Peace, Fund for peace, and University of Maryland, other organizations like the Economist Intelligence Unit and George Mason University release indexes that rank countries in terms of peacefulness.